45 ka: Shoes, as evidenced by changes in foot bone morphology in Eurasia.47 ka: The oldest-known mines in the world are from Eswatini, and extracted hematite for the production of the red pigment ochre.49–30 ka: Ground stone tools – fragments of an axe in Australia date to 49–45 ka, more appear in Japan closer to 30 ka, and elsewhere closer to the Neolithic.This is characterized by the widespread observation of religious rites, artistic expression and the appearance of tools made for purely intellectual or artistic pursuits. Upper Paleolithic to Early Mesolithic ĥ0 ka has been regarded by some as the beginning of behavioral modernity, defining the Upper Paleolithic period, which lasted nearly 40,000 years (though some research dates the beginning of behavioral modernity earlier to the Middle Paleolithic). 70-60 kya: Oldest arrows (and evidence of bow-and-arrow technology), and oldest needle, at Sibudu, South Africa.90 kya: Harpoons in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.100 kya: Funerals (in the form of burial) in Israel.100 kya: Compound paints made in South Africa.135-100 kya: Beads in Israel and Algeria.164-47 kya: Heat treating of stone blades in South Africa.Some other evidence suggests that humans may have begun wearing clothing as far back as 100,000 to 500,000 years ago. 170-83 kya: Clothing (among anatomically modern humans in Africa).70 kya Sibudu, South Africa and have been regarded as a sign of cognitive advancement. More complicated compound adhesives developed by Homo sapiens have been found from c. 200 kya: Glue in Central Italy by Neanderthals. 279 kya: Early stone-tipped projectile weapons in Ethiopia.obsidian), use of pigments, and possible making of projectile points in Kenya 320 kya: The trade and long-distance transportation of resources (e.g.
Towards the middle of this 250,000-year period, humans begin to migrate out of Africa, and the later part of the period shows the beginning of long-distance trade, religious rites and other behavior associated with Behavioral modernity. The dawn of Homo sapiens around 300 kya coincides with the start of the Middle Paleolithic period. 350-150 kya: Estimated origin of language.400-300 kya: Spears in Germany likely by Homo heidelbergensis.1.76 Mya: Advanced ( Acheulean) stone tools in Kenya by Homo erectus.2.3 Mya: Earliest likely control of fire and cooking, by Homo habilis.The otherwise earliest known stone tools ( Oldowan) were found in Ethiopia developed perhaps by Australopithecus garhi or Homo habilis 3.3-2.6 Mya: Stone tools – found in present-day Kenya, they are so old that only a pre-human species could have invented them.This time period is characterized as an ice age with regular periodic warmer periods – interglacial episodes. The original divergence between humans and chimpanzees occurred 13 ( Mya), however interbreeding continued until as recently as 4 Ma, with the first species clearly belonging to the human (and not chimpanzee) lineage being Australopithecus anamensis. The Lower Paleolithic period lasted over 3 million years, and corresponds to the human species prior to the emergence of Homo sapiens. The locations listed are for the site where the earliest solid evidence has been found, but especially for the earlier inventions, there is little certainty how close that may be to where the invention took place. Older examples of any given technology are often found. Dates are often approximate and change as more research is done, reported and seen. The dates listed in this section refer to the earliest evidence of an invention found and dated by archaeologists (or in a few cases, suggested by indirect evidence). Further information: Outline of prehistoric technology
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